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Shift work is an employment practice designed to make use of, or provide service across, all 24 hours of the clock each day of the week (abbreviated as ''24/7''). The practice typically sees the day divided into shifts, set periods of time during which different groups of workers perform their duties. The term "shift work" includes both long-term night shifts and work schedules in which employees change or rotate shifts.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Shift work, Definition(s) of )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 year = 1991 )〕 In medicine and epidemiology, shift work is considered a risk factor for some health problems in some individuals, as disruption to circadian rhythms may increase the probability of developing cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, diabetes, and obesity, among other conditions. Shift work can also contribute to strain in marital, family, and personal relationships. ==Health effects== (詳細はShift work sleep disorder is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by insomnia, excessive sleepiness, or both. Shift work is considered essential for the diagnosis.〔 The risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 is increased in shift workers, especially men. People working rotating shifts are more vulnerable than others. Women whose work involves night shifts have a 48% increased risk of developing breast cancer.〔 This may be due to alterations in circadian rhythm: melatonin, a known tumor suppressor, is generally produced at night and late shifts may disrupt its production.〔 The WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer listed "shiftwork that involves circadian disruption" as a probable carcinogen.〔(IARC Press release No. 180 )〕 Shift work may also increase the risk of other types of cancer. Shift work also increases the risk of developing cluster headaches, heart attacks, fatigue, stress, sexual dysfunction, depression, dementia, obesity,〔 metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and reproductive disorders.〔 Shift work also can worsen chronic diseases, including sleep disorders, digestive diseases, heart disease, hypertension, epilepsy, mental disorders, substance abuse, asthma, and any health conditions that are treated with medications affected by the circadian cycle.〔 Artificial lighting may additionally contribute to disturbed homeostasis.〔Navara KJ, Nelson RJ (2007) (The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences ). J. Pineal Res. 2007; 43:215–224〕 Shift work may also increase a person's risk of smoking.〔 The health consequences of shift work may depend on chronotype, that is, being a day person or a night person, and what shift a worker is assigned to. Different shift schedules will have different impacts on the health of a shift worker. The way the shift pattern is designed affects how shift workers sleep, eat and take holidays. Some shift patterns can exacerbate fatigue by limiting rest, increasing stress, overworking staff or disrupting their time off.〔http://www.amazon.co.uk/Fatigue-Shift-Work-Tools-Techniques-ebook/dp/B00NGWRMKA/〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shift work」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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